Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics, Development Patterns, and Ecological Effects of “Production-Living-Ecological Space” at the City Level in China

Effective production, living, and ecological space allocation is essential for advancing territorial policy optimization improving the sustainability of land resource use. Based on theory “production-living-ecological” (PLES), present study uses spatial transfer matrix model, coupling degree ecosystem service value measurement to analyze changes in number structural characteristics PLES evolution pattern development 336 cities China from 2000 2020 evaluate resulting effects. The results are as follows: living growing; agricultural production decreasing; has been decreasing then increasing. city structure five distinct patterns development. Cities southeast with high urbanization rates have shifted pure economic expansion coordinated diversified pattern. In contrast, northeast northwest, where accounts an absolute proportion, still prefer There a struggle between “impulse local development” “objective central coordination”. protection higher effects among approaches, confirming effectiveness planning under objective. Meanwhile, future policies should consider not only rational but also quality space.